Subcutaneous Administration of a Zwitterionic Chitosan-Based Hydrogel for Controlled Spatiotemporal Release of Monoclonal Antibodies.

Subcutaneous (SC) administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a proven strategy for improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. The current FDA-/EMA-approved enzymatic approach, utilizing recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) to enhance mAbs SC delivery, involves degrading the extracellular matrix's hyaluronate to increase tissue permeability. However, this method lacks tunable release properties, requiring individual optimization for each mAb. Seeking alternatives, physical polysaccharide hydrogels emerge as promising candidates due to their tunable physicochemical and biodegradability features. Unfortunately, none have demonstrated simultaneous biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled release properties for large proteins (≥150 kDa) after SC delivery in clinical settings. Here, a novel two-component hydrogel comprising chitosan and chitosan@DOTAGA is introduced that can be seamlessly mixed with sterile mAbs formulations initially designed for intravenous (IV) administration, repurposing them as novel tunable SC formulations. Validated in mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) with various mAbs, including trastuzumab and rituximab, the hydrogel exhibited biodegradability and biocompatibility features. Pharmacokinetic studies in both species demonstrated tunable controlled release, surpassing the capabilities of rHuPH20, with comparable parameters to the rHuPH20+mAbs formulation. These findings signify the potential for rapid translation to human applications, opening avenues for the clinical development of this novel SC biosimilar formulation.

Mechanistic Insights into Hyaluronic Acid Induced Peptide Nanofiber Organization in Supramolecular Hydrogels.

Composite hydrogels composed of low-molecular-weight peptide self-assemblies and polysaccharides are gaining great interest as new types of biomaterials. Interactions between polysaccharides and peptide self-assemblies are well reported, but a molecular picture of their impact on the resulting material is still missing. Using the phosphorylated tripeptide precursor Fmoc-FFpY (Fmoc, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; F, phenylalanine; Y, tyrosine; p, phosphate group), we investigated how hyaluronic acid (HA) influences the enzyme-assisted self-assembly of Fmoc-FFY generated in situ in the presence of alkaline phosphatase (AP). In the absence of HA, Fmoc-FFY peptides are known to self-assemble in nanometer thick and micrometer long fibers. The presence of HA leads to the spontaneous formation of bundles of several micrometers thickness. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we find that in the bundles both (i) HA colocalizes with the peptide self-assemblies and (ii) its presence in the bundles is highly dynamic. The attractive interaction between negatively charged peptide fibers and negatively charged HA chains is explained through molecular dynamic simulations that show the existence of hydrogen bonds. Whereas the Fmoc-FFY peptide self-assembly itself is not affected by the presence of HA, this polysaccharide organizes the peptide nanofibers in a nematic phase visible by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The mean distance d between the nanofibers decreases by increasing the HA concentration c, but remains always larger than the diameter of the peptide nanofibers, indicating that they do not interact directly with each other. At a high enough HA concentration, the nematic organization transforms into an ordered 2D hexagonal columnar phase with a nanofiber distance d of 117 Å. Depletion interaction generated by the polysaccharides can explain the experimental power law variation d∼c-1/4 and is responsible for the bundle formation and organization. Such behavior is thus suggested for the first time on nano-objects using polymers partially adsorbing on self-assembled peptide nanofibers.

Tear of lipid membranes by nanoparticles.

Health concerns associated with the advent of nanotechnologies have risen sharply when it was found that particles of nanoscopic dimensions reach the cell lumina. Plasma and organelle lipid membranes, which are exposed to both the incoming and the engulfed nanoparticles, are the primary targets of possible disruptions. However, reported adhesion, invagination and embedment of nanoparticles (NPs) do not compromise the membrane integrity, precluding direct bilayer damage as a mechanism for toxicity. Here it is shown that a lipid membrane can be torn by small enough nanoparticles, thus unveiling mechanisms for how lipid membrane can be compromised by tearing from nanoparticles. Surprisingly, visualization by cryo transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) of liposomes exposed to nanoparticles revealed also that liposomal laceration is prevented by particle abundance. Membrane destruction results thus from a subtle particle-membrane interplay that is here elucidated. This brings into a firmer molecular basis the theorized mechanisms of nanoparticle effects on lipid bilayers and paves the way for a better assessment of nanoparticle toxicity.

Gel-to-gel non-variant transition of an organogel caused by polymorphism from nanotubes to crystallites.

An amide based gelator forms gels in trans-decalin. Below concentrations of 1 wt% the gels melt at temperatures varying with concentration. Above a concentration of 1 wt%, upon heating, the gel transforms into an opaque gel at an invariant temperature, and melts at higher temperature. The gel-to-gel transition is evidenced by several techniques: DSC, rheology, NMR, OM and turbidimetry. The phase diagram with the domain of the existence of both morphs was mapped by these techniques. Optical and electronic microscopy studies show that the first gel corresponds to the self-assembled nanotubes while the second gel is formed by crystalline fibers. The fibers are crystalline, as shown by the presence of Bragg peaks in the scattering curves. Both morphs correspond to a different H-bonding pattern as shown by FTIR. The first gel forms at a higher cooling rate, is metastable and transforms slowly into the second one. The second gel is stable. It forms at a low cooling rate, or by thermal annealing or aging of the first gel.

Structure of Nanotubes Self-Assembled from a Monoamide Organogelator.

Some organic compounds are known to self-assemble into nanotubes in solutions, but the packing of the molecules into the walls of the tubes is known only in a very few cases. Herein, we study two compounds forming nanotubes in alkanes. They bear a secondary alkanamide chain linked to a benzoic acid propyl ester (HUB-3) or to a butyl ester (HUB-4). They gel alkanes for concentrations above 0.2 wt.%. The structures of these gels, studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, exhibit nanotubes: for HUB-3 their external diameters are polydisperse with a mean value of 33.3 nm; for HUB-4, they are less disperse with a mean value of 25.6 nm. The structure of the gel was investigated by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The evolution of the intensities show that the tubes are metastable and transit slowly toward crystals. The intensities of the tubes of HUB-4 feature up to six oscillations. The shape of the intensities proves the tubular structure of the aggregates, and gives a measurement of 20.6 nm for the outer diameters and 11.0 nm for the inner diameters. It also shows that the electron density in the wall of the tubes is heterogeneous and is well described by a model with three layers.

Protein Backbone and Average Particle Dynamics in Reconstituted Discoidal and Spherical HDL Probed by Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange and Elastic Incoherent Neutron Scattering.

Lipoproteins are supramolecular assemblies of proteins and lipids with dynamic characteristics critically linked to their biological functions as plasma lipid transporters and lipid exchangers. Among them, spherical high-density lipoproteins are the most abundant forms of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma, active participants in reverse cholesterol transport, and associated with reduced development of atherosclerosis. Here, we employed elastic incoherent neutron scattering (EINS) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to determine the average particle dynamics and protein backbone local mobility of physiologically competent discoidal and spherical HDL particles reconstituted with human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Our EINS measurements indicated that discoidal HDL was more dynamic than spherical HDL at ambient temperatures, in agreement with their lipid-protein composition. Combining small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast variation and MS cross-linking, we showed earlier that the most likely organization of the three apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) chains in spherical HDL is a combination of a hairpin monomer and a helical antiparallel dimer. Here, we corroborated those findings with kinetic studies, employing hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Many overlapping apoA-I digested peptides exhibited bimodal HDX kinetics behavior, suggesting that apoA-I regions with the same amino acid composition located on different apoA-I chains had different conformations and/or interaction environments.

Neutrons describe ectoine effects on water H-bonding and hydration around a soluble protein and a cell membrane.

Understanding adaptation to extreme environments remains a challenge of high biotechnological potential for fundamental molecular biology. The cytosol of many microorganisms, isolated from saline environments, reversibly accumulates molar concentrations of the osmolyte ectoine to counterbalance fluctuating external salt concentrations. Although they have been studied extensively by thermodynamic and spectroscopic methods, direct experimental structural data have, so far, been lacking on ectoine-water-protein interactions. In this paper, in vivo deuterium labeling, small angle neutron scattering, neutron membrane diffraction and inelastic scattering are combined with neutron liquids diffraction to characterize the extreme ectoine-containing solvent and its effects on purple membrane of H. salinarum and E. coli maltose binding protein. The data reveal that ectoine is excluded from the hydration layer at the membrane surface and does not affect membrane molecular dynamics, and prove a previous hypothesis that ectoine is excluded from a monolayer of dense hydration water around the soluble protein. Neutron liquids diffraction to atomic resolution shows how ectoine enhances the remarkable properties of H-bonds in water-properties that are essential for the proper organization, stabilization and dynamics of biological structures.

SANS from Salt-Free Aqueous Solutions of Hydrophilic and Highly Charged Star-Branched Polyelectrolytes.

Scattering functions of sodium sulfonated polystyrene (NaPSS) star-branched polyelectrolytes with high sulfonation degrees were measured from their salt-free aqueous solutions, using the Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) technique. Whatever the concentration c, they display two maxima. The first, of abscissa q1*, is related to a position order between star cores and scales as q1* ∝ c1/3. The second, of abscissa q2*, is also observed in the scattering function of a semi-dilute solution of NaPSS linear polyelectrolytes. In the dilute regime (c < c*, non-overlapping stars), peak abscissa does not depend on concentration c and is just an intramolecular characteristic associated with the electrostatic repulsion between arms of the same star. In the semi-dilute regime, due to the star interpenetration, the scattering function ⁻ through the peak position, reflects repulsion between arms of the same star or of different stars. The c threshold between these distinct c-dependencies of q2* in the dilute and semi-dilute regimes is estimated as c*. Just as simple is the measurement of the geometrical radius R of the star obtained from the q1* value at c* through the relation 2R = 2π/q1*. By considering NaPSS stars of the same functionality with different degrees of polymerization per arm Na, we find R scaling linearly with Na, suggesting an elongated average conformation of the arms. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. Meanwhile the value of q2* measured in the dilute regime does not allow any inhomogeneous counterion distribution inside the stars to be revealed.

Hydration water mobility is enhanced around tau amyloid fibers.

The paired helical filaments (PHF) formed by the intrinsically disordered human protein tau are one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. PHF are fibers of amyloid nature that are composed of a rigid core and an unstructured fuzzy coat. The mechanisms of fiber formation, in particular the role that hydration water might play, remain poorly understood. We combined protein deuteration, neutron scattering, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the dynamics of hydration water at the surface of fibers formed by the full-length human protein htau40. In comparison with monomeric tau, hydration water on the surface of tau fibers is more mobile, as evidenced by an increased fraction of translationally diffusing water molecules, a higher diffusion coefficient, and increased mean-squared displacements in neutron scattering experiments. Fibers formed by the hexapeptide (306)VQIVYK(311) were taken as a model for the tau fiber core and studied by molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that hydration water dynamics around the core domain is significantly reduced after fiber formation. Thus, an increase in water dynamics around the fuzzy coat is proposed to be at the origin of the experimentally observed increase in hydration water dynamics around the entire tau fiber. The observed increase in hydration water dynamics is suggested to promote fiber formation through entropic effects. Detection of the enhanced hydration water mobility around tau fibers is conjectured to potentially contribute to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer patients by diffusion MRI.

Proton diffusion in the hexafluorophosphoric acid clathrate hydrate.

The hexafluorophosphoric acid clathrate hydrate is known as a "super-protonic" conductor: its proton conductivity is of the order of 0.1 S/cm at ca. room temperature. The long-range proton diffusion and the associated mechanism have been analyzed with the help of incoherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and proton pulsed-field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H PFG-NMR). The system crystallizes into the so-called type I clathrate structure (SI) at low temperature and into the type VII structure (SVII) above ca. 230 K with a melting point close to room temperature. While, in the SI phase, no long-range proton diffusion is observed (at least faster than the present measurement capabilities, i.e., 10(-7) cm(2)·s(-1)) with respect to the probed time scale, both techniques evidence a long-range proton diffusion process in the SVII phase (3.85 × 10(-6) cm(2)·s(-1) at 275 K with an activation energy of 0.19 ± 0.04 eV). QENS experiments lead to modeling the microscopic mechanism of the long-range proton diffusion by means of a Chudley-Elliot jump diffusion model with a characteristic jump distance of 2.79 ± 0.17 Å. In other words, the long-range diffusion occurs through a Grotthus mechanism with proton jumping from one water-oxygen site to another. Moreover, the analysis of the proton diffusion for hydration numbers greater than 6 (i.e., in the SVII structure) reveals that the additional water molecules coexisting with the SVII structure act as a "structural defect" barrier for the proton diffusivity, responsible for the conductivity.

A polymer surfactant corona dynamically replaces water in solvent-free protein liquids and ensures macromolecular flexibility and activity.

The observation of biological activity in solvent-free protein-polymer surfactant hybrids challenges the view of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents being unique promoters of protein dynamics linked to function. Here, we combine elastic incoherent neutron scattering and specific deuterium labeling to separately study protein and polymer motions in solvent-free hybrids. Myoglobin motions within the hybrid are found to closely resemble those of a hydrated protein, and motions of the polymer surfactant coating are similar to those of the hydration water, leading to the conclusion that the polymer surfactant coating plasticizes protein structures in a way similar to hydration water.

Diffusion in solids studied by nuclear resonant X-ray and neutron scattering.

Nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation and quasielastic neutron scattering allow the measurement of frequencies, directions and lengths of jumps of diffusing atoms. Both methods have been successfully applied to diffusion in solids. Synergies and respective advantages of these two techniques as well as recent developments are discussed on the basis of an example: diffusion in intermetallic alloys.